Critical Review of Budi Winarno

Introduction

This discussion will compare and criticize some statement from Prof.'s. Drs. Budi Winarno, M.A., PhD in his book on chapter Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict with some opinions of other authors who argue the views of the concept of nationalism and ethnic conflict. Today, at the beginning of the twentieth century, most of the specialist of international relations (IR) accept that ethnicity and nationalism are very relevant to the field of literature they are experts in it. Until finally IR literature confirmed Donald Horowitz's statement in the mid-1980s about the struggling ethnicity and incited his spirit toward public and scientific awareness. Issues on nationalism and ethnic conflict continued to flourish into the 1990s, and in the ensuing decade, marked by the collapse of communism leading to a huge explosion of nationalist violence. In this era is the era of entrance of globalization, where the level of war between countries decreases but the level of ethnic conflict increases. With the rise of ethnic conflicts, some IR specialists view ethnic conflicts as closely related to chauvinism originating from nationalism, and finally,  many have argued for nationalism and ethnic conflict.

Summary

In his discussion, Budi Winarno exposes that nationalism did not come up with it without the evolution of meaning through the mass media. He explained that nationalism refers to the concept of the nation as a form of unity community that is determined to fight for the interests of the nation and its state. Nationalism is like the concept of democracy, revolution, liberalism, socialism that has many variants and no single standard definition can explain it completely, so that nationalism can only be identified based on the attributes attached to it.

In his book he states that "Nationalism is essentially inseparable with ethnic conflict." (Winarno 2014), nationalism that carries the theme of the nation in fact contains ethnic elements. In every nation there is almost always a collection of people who are a cultural entity different from other cultural entities, as there are some fundamental differences as differences of language, culture and customs. He also stated that several factors of ethnic conflict are the emergence of ethnocentrism, territorial legitimacy, the existence of negative sterotype in a society that has been hereditary so that the image of the people become ugly, the discrimination happened to certain groups, the existence of threats from other ethnic, the existence of social disparities that occur between ethnic, the provocation of other parties who want to benefit from the conflict and the last is many countries that do not have ketentan law to protect the rights of ethnic minorities.

Critics

In the discussion this time, Budi Winarno's opinion will be compared with some opinions from other thinkers, the first is Walter Carlsnes et al in his book Handbook of International Relations and John T. Ishiyama & Marijke Breuning in their book Political Science In the 21 Century Paradigm volumes 1 & 2. The first comparison, clearly visible difference between the thoughts of Budi Winarno and Walter Carlsnaes which Walter argued that he was hooking the nation-State system with nationalism. He was sure that the territorial organization of the State as running a legitimate control over its own territory, not opposed by the competition authority of internal or external interventions. He is also strongly opposed if nationalism and ethnicity are closely intertwined. By arguing that "Failure to separate nationalism from ethnicity, too often both are treated as if identical." (Carlsnaes, Risse and Simmons 2013)

In his discussion he does not discuss what an ethnic conflict is, but rather tries to explain how the behavior causes it. Such as inter-state behavior, ethnic behavior and individual behavior in inter-ethnic relationships, which is clarified by using disintegration and iredentism approaches to translate behavior in state issues while also nurturing a nation that uses constructivism theory toward systemic nationic essentialism.

The second comparison is from John T. Ishiyama & Marijke Breuning in their book Political Science in the 21 Century Paradigm which states that nationalism originated from the concept of a nation that existed long before nationalism. "The concept of a nation is historically older than nationalism as a political movement." (Ishiyama and Breuning 2013). He also emphasized that the concept of nationalism was converted in 1648 in the European region with the signing of the Westphalia treaty. While, in the dynamics of ethnic conflict, he responds that internal conflict among ethnic groups in a region has the potential to disturb the stability of peace and international security. He views ethnic conflict as a result of two factors, there are the main factor and the supporting factor. The main factors are the structural factors, the political, economic and social factors, as well as the perceptual and cultural factors. While the supporting factors are internal mass factor, external mass level factor, internal elite level factor and external elite level factor.

Conclusion

That some explanations of nationalism and ethnic conflicts have very many opinions from different sources. Just as what Budi Winarno conveys more refers to the claim that nationalism and ethnic conflict are two things that are very close and difficult to separate. As for Walter in his discussion, he did not at all discuss ethnic conflict from nationalism but rather an approach that refers to the interpretation of why inter-group fluctuations occur. Who according to John he holds that there is no relation between nationalism and ethnic conflict. . What triggers an ethnic conflict are the main factors and supporters he talks about in his book. So it can be concluded that the opinion of Budi Winarno when viewed from the view of Walter and John is the opposite and not at all in line and vice versa.

The author assumes that the cause of ethnic conflict is true as what is presented by Budi Winarno as there is a sense of excessive chauvinism in a group or group. From the perspective of Walter, ethnic conflict is formed because of the failure to capture the behavior of other countries or nations, so that conflicts between groups can not be avoided. According to John ethnic conflict is very dangerous for the internal state itself can even disrupt the stability of the international world. It is very difficult indeed to dampen ethnic conflict if tensions between groups are high. The higher the voltage created the higher the potential for the occurrence of the culprit. Therefore, it is better for the political and government elites to make a regulation of the lives of women in the midst of racial, class, cultural and even religious differences. In order for social life arrangements neatly arranged and muffle conflicts between groups whose impact is very detrimental to many parties.

In the history of Islam, when the prophet Muhammad migrated to Madinah in 622 AD, the prophet Muhammad made a common life order in the midst of differences of race, class and religion. Prophet Muhammad made the Medina Charter to muffle the internal conflicts that occurred at the time. With the charter of Medina, people's life at that time can be spelled condusive and arranged with a single legal umbrella made by Prophet Muhammad.

Bibliography

Carlsnaes, Walter, Thomas Risse , and Beth A Simmons. Handbook Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: Penerbit Nusa Media, 2013.

Ishiyama, John T, and Marijke Breuning. Ilmu Politik Dalam Paradigma Abad ke-21. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2013.

Winarno, Budi. Isu-Isu Global Kontemporer. Yogyakarta: Center of Academic Publishing Service, 2014.